Birds on the move:
A Closer look at migratory birds
Migratory birds embark on some of nature’s most impressive feats, crossing continents and oceans in search of suitable breeding grounds, warmer climates, and abundant food sources. These seasonal movements shape ecosystems by redistributing seeds, pollinating flowers, and controlling insect populations. Observing migratory birds can also be a highlight for travelers, photographers, and conservationists who gather to celebrate arrivals and departures.
Read on to learn more about these fascinating birds, and see how you can experience them firsthand in Churchill, Manitoba!
Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus). Photo by Nicole Richardson.
Migratory Birds: An Overview
A bird is considered migratory when it makes predictable, often twice-yearly flights between breeding and nonbreeding areas. Some species travel thousands of miles, guided by internal compasses and external cues such as sunlight, magnetic fields, and familiar landmarks. Others venture shorter distances, moving from northern breeding grounds to slightly warmer southern regions. Migration timing frequently aligns with seasonal shifts in food availability, ensuring access to prime resources.
Though they differ in size, plumage, and habitats, migratory birds share a remarkable resilience. They face unpredictable weather, predators, and other mounting threats from a changing world.
Types of Migratory Birds
Some well-known migratory bird species include Arctic terns, which undertake extraordinary pole-to-pole journeys; monarchs of the air, such as broad-winged hawks, which funnel through narrow passages; and colorful warblers, whose vibrant plumage draws birdwatchers each spring and fall.
In Canada, migratory birds thrive in habitats ranging from coastal wetlands to expansive forests. Species such as snow geese, Canada geese, and several duck varieties use large waterways and marshes for feeding and resting. Many raptors follow the edges of ridges or shorelines for easier lift and navigation, while songbirds rely on diverse landscapes that provide nutritious insects and shelter.
In the Churchill region specifically, northern Manitoba attracts a broad variety of migratory species. Birdwatchers flock to this area, hoping to see rare and iconic travelers such as:
- Arctic tern: Acclaimed for its pole-to-pole migration, this small but hardy species may log more miles than any other bird.
- Sandhill crane: Recognizable by its resonant call and tall stature, this crane frequently pauses in local wetlands during its annual route.
- Snowy owl: Distinguished by its bright white plumage, this owl sometimes appears in the tundra, hunting lemmings in open terrain.
- Tundra swan: Traveling in cohesive family units, these swans rely on sheltered bays and marshes for rest before heading north.
- Long-tailed jaeger: Noted for aerial elegance, this “pirate” often pursues other birds to steal their hard-earned catches.
- Ross’ gull: Rare in North America, this elusive gull occasionally appears near Churchill’s coast, attracting birders hoping to catch a glimpse of its delicate pink hue.
Learn more about the birds you can spot in Churchill here.
Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) Photo by Nicole Richardson.
Common Questions About Migratory Birds
Why Do Birds Migrate?
They move in pursuit of food, milder climates, and suitable nesting sites. Many species would face starvation or reproductive failure if they remained in areas that become scarce in resources.
How Far Do Migratory Birds Travel?
Journeys vary significantly. Arctic terns may fly tens of thousands of miles per year, while some geese only migrate a few hundred miles to avoid harsh conditions.
What Is the Migratory Birds Convention Act?
Canada’s Migratory Birds Convention Act safeguards migratory bird species along with their eggs and nests. Passed in 1917, it addresses widespread hunting and environmental threats, and it remains a cornerstone of conservation policy. The act influences regulations and international partnerships that aim to balance human activities with the need to protect wild bird populations.
Threats to Migratory Birds
Migratory birds face vulnerabilities along every stretch of their routes. Major threats include:
- Habitat destruction: Wetland drainage, deforestation, and urban sprawl diminish critical rest stops and breeding sites.
- Collisions: Birds frequently strike windows, communication towers, and wind turbines.
- Illegal hunting: Despite longstanding regulations, unauthorized harvest continues in some regions.
- Pollution: Pesticides, plastic debris, and chemical spills degrade habitats and poison food sources.
People can help by keeping cats indoors, reducing window strikes through decals or screens, and supporting habitat restoration initiatives.
Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis). Photo by Nicole Richardson.
How Climate Change Impacts migratory birds
Increasing temperatures and shifting weather patterns can disrupt migration. Some species now arrive earlier or later than expected, potentially missing peak food availability. In the Arctic, thawing permafrost, stronger storms, and coastal erosion threaten crucial habitats. Birds that depend on specific climate conditions may struggle to adapt, which can harm reproduction and population stability.
Scientists monitor changes in nesting dates, migratory paths, and population numbers. Their research provides insight into how best to shield vulnerable species from additional strain. Preserving intact ecosystems and limiting carbon emissions remain vital for sustaining these birds.
See Migratory Birds in Churchill
For travelers eager to witness returning migratory birds, the Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC) hosts the Spring’s Wings Learning Vacation. This immersive excursion puts participants in the heart of Churchill’s bustling spring migration routes. Knowledgeable locals share insights during outdoor activities, while evening discussions focus on climate dynamics and scientific findings. By seeing these seasonal miracles up close, visitors gain a deeper understanding of the commitment required to safeguard winged wanderers.
Join the migration to one of Canada’s premier birding hotspots. Learn more about Spring’s Wings and book your spot for June 2025 today!
CNSC is an independent, nonprofit field station working to understand and sustain the North. We provide accommodation, meals, equipment rentals, and logistical support to scientific and social researchers working on a diverse range of topics of interest in the subarctic. We also facilitate learning programs throughout the year for noncredit learning vacations, university credit courses, and youth programming.
Explore our Learning Vacations to see how you can experience the subarctic in a way that’s meaningful, personal, and unforgettable. Or, donate today to support greater understanding of — and deeper appreciation for — the natural, social, economic, and cultural environments of the North.